Historical redress comprises restitution (the return of unjustly appropriated items), compensation (transfers of resources made in acknowledgement of unjust appropriations), and apologies or memorial events for practices that are now deemed injustices, but which have ceased for a considerable time, and/or whose victims are now deceased.

The United States Democratic Party leadership constitutes the Democratic Party's Congressional Leaders and the Democratic Party's Presidential and Vice-Presidential Nominees.

'Procedurally activist' congressional tactics include but are not limited to court-packing, strategically using or abolishing the filibuster, adding states, using impeachment to delay senate judicial confirmation proceedings, and overriding executive orders.

Coercive powers include the power to levy economic and financial sanctions and to stage interventions. These interventions could constitute sending information-gathering teams (which are analogous to weapons inspectors that enforce nuclear non-proliferation and anti-chemical weapons treaties) and medical teams to reinforce public health systems.

The World Health Organization (WHO) makes a wide variety of policy recommendations during epidemics and pandemics regarding disease outbreak reporting, travel and trade restrictions, and lockdown measures.

The real economy concerns the production, purchase and flow of goods and services (like oil, bread and labour) within an economy. It is contrasted with the financial economy, which concerns the aspects of the economy that deal purely in transactions of fiat money and other financial assets, which represent ownership or claims to ownership of real sector goods and services.

'University bonds' allow private investors to finance students receiving university degrees in exchange for a portion of their working income over a defined period of time.